It can do, I've found a few things that happen with new stadiums:
1. Money is deducted from your current teams balance in your financial screen (F11 is hotkey) This balance pretty much detirmines your wage/transfer budget. It gives you a small insight to what it will be like but not an exact amount. A good example of this was me playing as Leeds in an online game in FM11.
I had a balance of about 7 Million, I was getting pretty much the 40mil TV Money as my Wage and Transfer budget for the season. When I sold one of my best players for 72million (and a few others) I suddenly had a budget the next season of about 130million. Alot does rely on sponsers/TV income at the start of each season too when it comes tot he budget set by your board but the Balance does play it's role in it.
2. Owner will take out a bank loan against the club for the stadium. This means you gain debt which you pay off monthly. It shoulden't affect toooo much on your transfer/wages depending if you can afford the bank loan repayments. Simply put. Bank Loan repayment montly vs increased revenue from new stadium would be the calculation to detirmine if your going to lose money.
3. The owner pays for the stadium themselves. Means you don't pay nothing back at all as far as I know.
Someone else might be able to correct me if I'm wrong.